Issue #46

We welcome our subscribers from across Africa and around the world to the one-year anniversary edition of FRW. This has certainly been an exciting year for the FRW Team, as we tracked news for and about small-scale African farmers and, in turn, heard how you are using FRW news stories in your radio organizations.

The dramatic rise in food prices, which is often referred to as the “food crisis,” was undoubtedly the most reported agricultural issue of the year. At FRW, we endeavoured to share information on some of the causes of the food crisis, but were even more pleased to report on small-scale farmers overcoming challenges to maintain their crop production and livelihoods. Food shortages in some areas were attributed to erratic weather patterns, but we learned how farmers are coping with climate change – in Zimbabwe, for example, some farmers are coping with longer dry seasons by using drip irrigation in their fields and zero grazing for their livestock. High fertilizer prices were often cited as a reason for food scarcity, but we learned how some farmers overcame this problem by using locally available resources. In one Cameroonian farming community, this meant rediscovering the value of manure. In some cases, food shortages caused farmers to turn to resilient traditional crops such as millet and taro, and others to become (very) small-scale farmers, growing food in urban areas or in tiny plots near their homes.

This year’s news stories also reminded us of the innovative spirit that farmers bring to their work. We saw items that normally go to waste transformed into profit, as Burkinabé women began producing jam from shea fruit, or used to manage pests, as Senegalese farmers made flytraps from recycled water bottles.

We were inspired by the courage of farmers who returned to their fields following periods of conflict, and the strength of farmers who resisted external circumstances that might threaten their livelihoods, whether they be international trade deals or plans for local resource extraction. Today, we re-run a news story that originally appeared in Issue 7 of FRW, but still reminds us of the strength and courage of farmers as they work to protect local food security. This story, by correspondent Idy Sy Diop, looks at the cautious approach taken by Malian farmers towards government and industry pressures to produce jatropha for biodiesel.

In this week’s news, we look at how poultry farmers in Côte d’Ivoire are taking proactive measures to address their concerns about avian flu by diversifying their livestock and investing in rabbits. We also see how Burundian farmers are reviving staple cassava crops with the help of disease-free cuttings.

What were your favourite stories from the first year of FRW? Which ones proved most interesting to your listeners? We invite you to post a comment on the FRW website (http://weekly.farmradio.org/) or contact FRW Editor Heather Miller (hmiller@farmradio.org) to share your thoughts on the best news stories of the past year.

Finally, we offer a special greeting to those who will celebrate Eid Al-Adha in the coming days. Happy Eid!

Happy reading!
-The Farm Radio Weekly Team

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African Farm News in Review

1. Mali: Campaign for biodiesel intensifies but farmers remain cautious (by Idy Sy Diop, for Farm Radio Weekly, in Dakar, Senegal)

2. Côte d’Ivoire: Concerned about avian flu, poultry farmers diversify with rabbits (Fraternité Matin)

3. Burundi: Farmers revive cassava with help of disease-free cuttings (UN Food and Agriculture Organization)

Upcoming Events

-December 18: Celebrate International Migrants Day with the Radio 1812 Event!

Radio Resource Bank

-Guides to operating a sustainable, and meaningful, radio station

Farm Radio Action

-Should your radio organization become a Farm Radio International partner?

Farm Radio Script of the Week

-Diversify crops to keep your family healthy

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The following story was originally published in FRW Issue #7, in January of this year. As farmers in many parts of the African continent are being pressured to grow crops for biofuels, we believe this story is worth a second look.

Faced with an intense government and industry campaign to grow plants for biodiesel production, Malian farmers have shown some interest but remain cautious.

Zoumana Dembelé is a farmer in Koutiala, in Mali’s Sikasso region. He has allocated 20 per cent of his land to Jatropha curcas, a plant used to produce biodiesel. But he will continue to grow cotton and cereals – cotton to make money and cereals for the survival of his family.

Mr. Dembelé explained that he will begin growing less cotton, since the market for cotton is no longer strong. But he will also remain cautious as he begins growing Jatropha curcas, commonly called jatropha.

The Malian government is encouraging farmers to grow jatropha for biodiesel because the country does not produce oil. Ahmed Diane Séméga is the Minister for Mines, Energy, and Water. Last September, he announced the government’s intention to replace a significant amount of Mali’s diesel use with biodiesel in the next decade or two.

At current prices, biodiesel made from jatropha is sold for a third of the price of regular diesel.

In some areas of southern Mali, jatropha has been grown for more almost a decade. It has been used to shield farms against wind and predators. Now, it is being planted as a cash crop.

But farmers have good reason to think twice before replacing their crops with jatropha. Cissé Seydou is a campaigner for a private company in the Sikasso region. He knows that farmers have been encouraged to start new products in the past, only to have it end in failure.

Farmers may also be discouraged by jatropha’s long growing cycle. It takes three years of cultivation from planting to harvest.
While farmers in some areas are being pressured to grow jatropha to meet the country’s energy needs, farmers in places like Keleya, also in southern Mali, have quietly begun using biodiesel to run their tractors and grinding machines.

Far from the hype of the government and industry campaign – biodiesel production remains on a small scale, serving local farmers and small rural industries.

Biodiesel is also catching on in the capital of Bamako and other Malian cities. Faced with the ever-increasing cost of oil, some mechanics are adapting car engines for biodiesel, and some families and small business are using biodiesel power generators.

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Afian Michel knows first hand that all livestock are vulnerable to disease. First, the Ivorian farmer saw swine fever sweep through his country a decade ago. Now he’s concerned about avian flu. On his land outside of Cola village, Mr. Michel continues to focus on poultry. But recently, he made room for some rabbits. He says farmers are never safe from animal diseases, so they must diversify to remain profitable.

Mr. Michel is one of many Ivorian poultry farmers diversifying their livestock holdings with rabbits. The move follows the arrival of H5N1, a highly-pathogenic strain of avian influenza, or bird flu, in Africa.

Bird flu was first detected in sub-Saharan African in early 2006, when infected birds were found in Nigeria. Since then, the virus has been detected in several West African countries. Côte d’Ivoire reported outbreaks of H5N1 in wildlife and domestic poultry in April 2006. Following widespread culls aimed at eradicating the disease, the Ivorian government reported the outbreaks resolved in March 2007. The latest outbreak of bird flu in Africa was reported in Togo this September.

Prior to the arrival of avian flu, Bamba Tiéfi Paul’s kept only 40 rabbits on his farm, near a residential area of Cola. Now, rabbit cages spread out over a large area. Inside the cages, some 1,000 rabbits are organized according to weight, age, and sex. Hundreds of male rabbits are ready to be sold in the nearby market.

The demand for rabbit meat in Côte d’Ivoire has grown in parallel to the increase in rabbit farming. Rabbit meat is valued for its tenderness, nutritional value, and low fat content. Supermarkets and restaurants are major consumers. Rabbit meat is also an important source of nutrition for farming families.

Another advantage of rabbits is that they do not require a great deal of space. Unlike chicken cages, you can stack rabbit cages one on top of another. Déhon Margueritte keeps rabbits in her home. She began with about a dozen female rabbits in 2003, and says it was easy to learn how to care for them. One female can produce up to 40 offspring per year, and so her rabbit stock grew. Mrs. Margueritte now earns 450,000 CFA (about 870 American dollars or 680 Euros) each month. She affirms that rabbits keep food on her table.

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With smooth strokes of his machete, Ernest Nduwimana takes cuttings from a cassava plant on his field near the village of Munyika, in northwestern Burundi. Under the burning morning sun, satisfaction seems to radiate from his face.

Just five years ago, Mr. Nduwiman was not so pleased with his crops. At that time, an aggressive strain of Cassava Mosaic Disease began a devastating march through the country. The leaves of his cassava plants displayed the telltale spots of Cassava Mosaic Disease, which stunts the growth of cassava tubers beneath the soil. Farms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda, were also affected.

But Mr. Nduwiman has high hopes for this growing season – and with good reason. This is the second season that he has planted virus-free cassava cuttings, which were distributed by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to 330,000 smallholder farmers in affected countries.

Mr. Nduwiman is now spreading his good fortune. He will take his cuttings to a neighbouring farm that the FAO calls the “mother plantation.” The mother plantation is a 20-acre field where disease-free cassava was first planted in 2005. The cassava grown here produces cuttings that will be distributed to local smallholders through a network of farmers’ groups, schools, and churches.

Salvator Kaboneka is an FAO agronomist working with the cassava initiative. He explains that every cassava plant can provide at least ten useable cuttings. At this rate, Mr. Kaboneka says, it will only take one more year for Burundian farmers to replant the 84,000 hectares of cassava found in the country before the arrival of Cassava Mosaic Disease.

The revival of cassava means a return of food security for many families. The average African eats about 80 kilograms of cassava per year. For his part, Mr. Nduwiman is used to eating the tuber once or twice a day. He can’t wait to enjoy this year’s harvest raw, with some groundnuts.

Surrounded by healthy green cassava leaves, Mr. Nduwiman unearths a tuber and holds it up proudly. “It’s sweet, not bitter,” he says of the tuber. And, since last season, there is enough to feed his family. After a long day in the field, he looks forward to a meal of bugari, a local dish based on cassava flour and served with beans and fish.

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If you have heard or read anything about biofuel production in the last year or so, you have probably heard about the plant Jatropha curcas, or simply jatropha. As our special report from correspondent Idy Sy Diop explains, jatropha can be processed into biodiesel, which is currently much less expensive than regular diesel.

There has been a lot of excitement about jatropha because it can grow in semi-arid regions where other crops cannot. However, the farmers from our news story are not alone in their scepticism about the plant. Many food security advocates are concerned that if farmers are pushed into growing jatropha or other biofuel plants, they may not produce enough food for their families and communities.

For more information on jatropha, please see the Farm Radio script entitled “Jatropha – Not just a bioFuel crop!” (Package 80, Script 7, March 2007).

For other examples of farmers evaluating the possibility of growing crops for fuel, see the following FRW stories:
-“Burkinabé farmers say food comes before fuel” (FRW#34, August 2008):
-“Herders oppose controversial sugarcane project” (FRW#29, July 2008)
-“The promise and potential perils of biofuels” (FRW#3, December 2007)

If you would like to research a local story on biofuel production, you may wish to ask some of the following questions:
-What do farmers in your area think about the idea of selling crops for biofuel production?
-Do farmers in your area currently produce biofuels for use on their farm or in the community? If so, what is the local organizational structure that manages the fuel production?
-If an external company plans to open a biofuel processing plant in your area, how do farmers plan to maintain their food security while also producing crops for the plant?
-If there is already a biofuel processing plant in your area, are small-scale farmers contributing to production? How do they rate their experiences in working with the processing plant (e.g. support for proper harvesting and storage, prices for crops, etc?)

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Rabbit farming is growing in popularity in many African countries. As this story points out, the arrival of the H5N1 strain of avian influenza has given Ivorian farmers additional motivation to try rabbits as a way to diversify their livestock holdings. You may wish to explore whether similar trends are happening in your community. For example, you could produce an on-air interview with a farmer who has tried rabbit farming, or a farmer who is working to diversify her sources of income (or, as in the case of the farmers from this story, one who are doing both at once!) Farm Radio International has many scripts available on both topics:

Rabbit farming:
“Raising rabbits for meat and profit: Parts 1 and 2” (Package 80, Scripts 1 and 2, March 2007):
-http://www.farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/80-1script_en.asp
-http://www.farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/80-2script_en.asp
“Rabbits are a good source of low-fat protein: Parts 1 and 2” (Package 33, Script 1 and 2, July 1994):
-http://farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/33-1script_en.asp
-http://farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/33-2script_en.asp

Crop diversification:
-“Diversify crops to keep your family healthy” (Package 65, Script 1, October 2002)
-“Which farmer would you rather be? A story about diversification” (Package 65, Script 8, October 2002)
-“Diversification on the farm” (Package 56, Script 1, July 2000)

-For more information on the status of avian flu, visit the Organization for Animal Health: http://www.oie.int/eng/info_ev/en_AI_factoids_H5N1_Timeline.htm.
-The most recent FRW story on avian flu, related to the recent outbreak in Togo, can be found at: http://weekly.farmradio.org/2008/10/13/3-togo-17000-poultry-killed-in-latest-avian-flu-outbreak-un-integrated-regional-information-network/.

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As this story mentions, the average African eats about 80 kilograms of cassava per year. This nutritious staple crop is sometimes considered a “survival” crop because, once planted, it will typically grow with little attention, even if rain patterns are erratic.

You may wish to host a call-in program and invite people to discuss the value of cassava in your community:
-How long have families been growing cassava?
-How often does your family eat cassava? What sorts of meals do you prepare with cassava?
-What steps do farmers take to protect their cassava fields from disease?
-If you broadcast in an area that was affected by Cassava Mosaic Disease, have local people received disease-free tubers via the FAO program? (If not, you may wish to investigate how local farmers may benefit from this initiative.)

Farm Radio International has published many scripts about growing, storing, and processing cassava, including:
-“Plant high quality cassava cuttings” (Package 37, Script 1, July 1995)
-“Woman farmer invents a cassava grinder” (Package 49, Script 9, June 1998)
-“Farmers experiment and discover: You can store cassava” (Package 58, Script 9, January 2001)

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For the third year in a row, Radio 1812 will bring together migrant groups and radio stations from around the world to celebrate International Migrants Day on December 18.
All radio stations are invited to participate in this “global radio event” by sharing the voices of migrants in their communities. The event is coordinated by the International Advocacy and Resource Centre on the Human Rights of Migrant Workers to mark December 18, the day designated to celebrate the achievements and highlight the struggles of migrants around the world.

Last year, over 150 radio stations produced, broadcast, and shared programs on migrants and migration. Radio 1812 would like to hear from radio organizations interested in participating in this year’s event as soon as possible, at: radio1812@december18.net. More information is available at: www.radio1812.net.

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Following are three of the most comprehensive resources that we have listed in the Radio Resource Bank over the past year. In case you missed them the first time, be sure to have a look:

-Financial Sustainability Model for Community Radio Stations In Southern Africa. The Southern Africa Institute for Media Entrepreneurship Development has created this manual for new or existing community radio stations, including information on how to establish a board, structure staff, and obtain funding from donors and advertisers.

-Live from Africa: A Handbook for African Radio Journalists. The Institute for War and Peace Reporting has produced this extensive guide to radio journalism, which includes discussion on the role of journalism and practical information on preparing and airing new stories.

-Free and open source audio software. NGO-in-a-Box has compiled a range of open source software (available for free download) for creating, accessing, editing, and distributing audio files.

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As many of our readers know, Farm Radio International offers two resources on a regular basis. Of course, there is Farm Radio Weekly, which you are reading now! There are also packages of radio scripts, which are published three times a year, along with our partner newsletter, Voices. These scripts and newsletters are always available online at http://www.farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/ and http://www.farmradio.org/english/partners/voices/, and we often provide links to relevant scripts in the Notes to Broadcasters section of FRW.

Farm Radio also forms partnerships with African radio organizations who wish to work more closely with our organization to create radio programs with and for small-scale farmers. Farm Radio partners receive new script packages via e-mail or by post (whichever is more appropriate for the partner.) In exchange for receiving free scripts, Farm Radio requests that partners choose the scripts that are relevant to farmers in their area, adapt them, translate them into local languages (if necessary), and share them with listeners or collaborators whenever possible; provide feedback on how the material has been used; and share local information that we can include in future scripts and other services.

Farm Radio International welcomes its newest partners:
-Freedom Radio – a commercial radio station based in Kano, Nigeria
-Nkhotakota Community Radio Station – a community radio station based in Nkhotakota, Malawi
-Radio Afram Plains – a community radio station located in Donkorkrom, Ghana
-Radio Banguine Badiangara – a community radio station based in Mopti, Mali
-Radio Maria – a private radio station located in the Songea region of Tanzania
-Radio Rurale Locale d’Adzope – a community radio station based in Adzope, Côte d”Ivoire
-Sibuka FM – a community radio station located in the Shinyanga region of Tanzania
-Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC) – a public radio station based in Kapchorwa, Uganda
-Zodiak Broadcasting Station – a commercial radio station based in Lilongwe, Malawi

For more information on how to become a Farm Radio International partner, contact Development and Communications Coordinator Blythe McKay at: bmckay@farmradio.org.

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This week’s news story about Ivorian chicken and rabbit farmers illustrates one reason to diversify farm production – to protect your family’s income and food supply in case of an outbreak of livestock disease. But there are many other reasons to diversify livestock and crops. A farmer who plants many crops has greater assurance that he or she will have some food, even if one or more crop fails. That same farmer will have a better chance of earning a decent income, even if the market price of a particular crop falls dramatically. The following script looks at yet another reason to diversify – to ensure that your family can eat a varied and nutritious diet, even if money is scarce. This script can be found online at: http://farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/65-1script_en.asp.

Notes to broadcaster

If you’re looking for story ideas for farmers on one way to survive the difficulties of the export market and meet the nutritional needs of their families at the same time, talk to them about the benefits of diversification (i.e., planting a variety of crops). In your programs, emphasize that one of the benefits of crop diversification is the variety of foods produced. Different kinds of foods provide different nutrients, all of which are needed for good health. It is especially important for infants and children to eat a variety of foods. Talk to extension agents and farmers to learn about alternative crops and cropping patterns that farmers in your community can use for diversification. (These may include traditional crops.) Compile a list of these alternative crops. Interview local farmers who successfully grow several crops to meet a variety of needs.

In this story, Monica and her husband grow one export crop – coffee – and some maize. In bad times when coffee prices are low, Monica has limited income and cannot buy enough nutritious food for herself and her family. As you will see, her health suffers. Another farmer, Tandi grows two export crops. In addition she grows local vegetables, fruits and two different cereal crops. By diversifying, her family has enough food to stay healthy.

Other radio broadcasts on this topic that you could produce are:

* The ups and downs of growing crops for export
* How to establish a fair trade cooperative to export cash crops
* The benefits of growing traditional crops in addition to modern crops
* Ten alternative crops for small-farm diversification in our community

————

INTRO

Host: Many farmers grow crops for export and depend on foreign markets for their income. These farmers often don’t grow food for their families any more. The drama “Don’t Put All Your Eggs in One Basket” shows what can happen when farmers only grow crops for export.
SCRIPT

Characters
Monica and Tandi: Women farmers
Winston: Monica’s husband

BACKGROUND SOUNDS: BIRDS SINGING, ROOSTER CROWING. SOUND OF HOES HITTING THE EARTH.

Monica: (breathless) Oh my goodness, Tandi, it’s hot today.

Tandi: Yes it certainly is, Monica.

Monica: (groaning) Ohhhh …

Tandi: (worried) Monica?

SOUND OF A THUD AS MONICA FALLS ONTO THE GROUND.

Tandi: Monica, are you all right?

Monica: (weakly) What happened?

Tandi: You fainted. You don’t look well, Monica. Have you eaten today?

Monica: (hesitant) Umm…no, I haven’t.

Tandi: You haven’t eaten? No wonder you fainted. Why didn’t you have some breakfast?

Monica: (hesitant) To be truthful, Tandi, we don’t have much food in the house these days. But I really don’t want to talk about that right now. You know, I think I should get back to the house.

Tandi: All right, let me help you up. If you lean on me, we can walk home together.

SOUND OF SLOW FOOTSTEPS MOVING AWAY.
MUSICAL BREAK (3 seconds).
SOUND OF FOOTSTEPS APPROACHING QUICKLY.

Winston: Monica! Are you okay? What happened to you, my dear wife?

Tandi: She fainted in the field. Let’s help her to sit down.

Winston: Oh, this isn’t good. Monica, didn’t you eat today?

Monica: No, there wasn’t any maize meal left after I fed the children. Oh, Winston, what are we going to do?… I’m so worried that

Winston: (interrupting and whispering) Shhh … shhh. Let’s not talk about it now.

Tandi: Winston, Monica has already told me that you’re having problems. But I know that your harvests were good last year. What happened this year?

Winston: Last year, coffee prices were high – we received a lot of money for our crop. So this year we decided to put all our land into one crop – coffee. But, then coffee prices dropped. We received almost nothing.

Tandi: What about your other crops?

Winston: We didn’t grow any other crops. We used all the land for one crop – coffee.

Tandi: Well that explains it. Winston and Tandi, I know that farmers are being encouraged to grow for export. But when farmers grow nothing but coffee and sugar cane, what is the family going to eat?

Monica: I know, I know. I especially worry about the children because they need more variety in their diet.

Tandi: They certainly do. You all do. That’s why you are so weak Monica – you need to eat more than just maize to stay healthy. You need a variety of foods.

Winston: Well tell us, Tandi, how do you survive? You have the same amount of land as we do. But you don’t seem to suffer.

Tandi: We saw that many people made money growing coffee the last few years. But we didn’t want to put all our land into coffee. It seemed like a big risk. After all, the prices can be high one year and low the next.

Monica: Um hmm.

Tandi: So we decided to lower our risks by planting a variety of different crops.

Monica: (curious) How did that help?

Tandi: We grow several crops at the same time to give us security. Two crops are for export, but we also grow local food crops. Growing different crops is called diversification. If any crop fails, we always have something else to eat or sell.

Monica: Hmmm. And this way you are not dependent on the overseas markets. Yes! No matter what events happen in distant countries, you always have food to eat.

Tandi: Exactly!

Winston: But how do you grow so many crops on a small plot of land?

Tandi: I can show you how. When Monica is feeling better, why don’t you both come and visit my plot? I’ll show you how we do it.

SOUNDS OF BIRDS AND INSECTS SINGING. FADE AND HOLD UNDER OTHER SOUNDS AND DIALOGUE.

Tandi: Here is where we grow our coffee. Some of the trees that shade our coffee provide us with fresh fruit. So, we have two crops from one piece of land!

Monica: Do you grow other crops for sale?

Tandi: Yes. I don’t depend on just one export crop – too risky. So I grow medicinal plants too. But now, come over here and I’ll show you our plot of maize.

SOUND OF MOVEMENT.

Monica: But there’s much more than maize growing here!

Tandi: Exactly. With the maize we intercrop two or three vegetables, and beans or pumpkins. When we harvest one crop, we plant another in its place. Sometimes there are four or five different crops growing here! This variety of grains and vegetables provides a good diet for the children.

Winston: All this food on a small plot of land. You are a farmer who deserves congratulations Tandi.

FADE IN MUSIC AND HOLD UNDER ANNOUNCER.
EXTRO

Host: You’ve been listening to “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” Insert name of performer was Monica. Insert performer’s name was Winston, ___________ was Tandi. As their story shows, the export market can be rewarding. But it has ruined many farmers who didn’t understand the risks. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Diversify! Take care of your food needs as well as your need for money.

- END -

Acknowledgements

* Contributed by Vijay Cuddeford, Toronto, Canada.
* Reviewed by Peter Rosset, Co-Director, Food First/The Institute for Food and Development Policy, Oakland, California, USA.

Information Sources

* Unequal harvest: Farmers’ voices on international trade and the right to food, by Lauren Posner. International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 1001 de Maisonneuve Blvd. East, Suite 1100, Montréal Québec, Canada H2L 4P9. E-mail: ichrdd@ichrdd.ca
* The banyan tree: A textbook for holistic health practitioners, Volume II: Bringing Change, edited by Sister Carol Huss.
* A synthesis report of the Africa Region – Women, agriculture and rural development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1995.
* The multiple functions and benefits of small farm agriculture in the context of global trade negotiations, by Peter M. Rosset, 1999. Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy, 398 60th Street, Oakland, CA 94618 USA. E-mail: foodfirst@foodfirst.org.
* Agriculture in developing countries: which way forward?, by Aileen Kwa. Focus on the Global South, c/o CUSRI, Wisit Prachuabmoh Building, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand.
* Small Farmers and the Need for Alternative, Development-friendly Food Production Systems, by Aileen Kwa. Focus on the Global South, c/o CUSRI, Wisit Prachuabmoh Building, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand.
* Trade and Hunger: An Overview of Case Studies on the Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Food Security, by John Madeley, 2000. Forum Syd, Box 15407, 104 65 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46-8-506 370 00, Fax: +46-8-506 370 99. E-mail: forum.syd@forumsyd.se.

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